• UPASAKA, UPASIKA: Buddhist lay disciple (male and female respectively).

• VEXATIONS: (Sanskrit: klesa) attitudes, views, emotional states, or conditions, arising from attachments, that cause suffering or disharmony. More specifically, mental or physical states that hinder spiritual development and realization of enlightenment. As such, vexations include pleasant as well as unpleasant states.
• VINAYA: The collection of prohibitions and ethical prescriptions, along with their explanations, that define the code of discipline for Buddhist monks and nuns.